One crucial step that malware does upon successful execution on a lab machine is to ensure that it can stay there even after a reboot or removal attempt. This is possible using various techniques, collectively called "malware persistence mechanisms".

This room will give you an overview of these techniques and introduce a tool that can help detect them and aid in removal.

Learning Objectives

• Learn how malware persists in a machine
• Learn how malware uses the Registry as a persistence mechanism
• Learn how to use the AutoRuns PowerShell module to detect and remediate persistence mechanisms

Connecting to the Machine

We will use the Lab Machine provided to complete the tasks in this room. You can start it in split-screen view by clicking on the green "Start Lab Machine" button on the upper right section of this task. If the VM is not visible, use the blue "Show Split View" button at the top-right of the page. Alternatively, you can connect to the VM using the credentials below via "Remote Desktop".

Username	Administrator
Password	Passw0rd!
IP	MACHINE_IP

The term "malware persistence" can be defined as:

"Behaviors that enable malware to remain on a system regardless of system events, such as reboots."

There are multiple ways malware can gain persistence. The technique/s used vary depending on the targeted operating system, ease of implementation, level of stealthiness, or, sometimes, based on the preference of the malware author. Examples of these techniques would be modifying an operating system's boot sector, installing malicious configurations, or hijacking execution flow.

In Windows, the most common and easiest-to-implement technique is the abuse of Windows Registry Run keys.

The Windows Registry is a database of low-level operating systems and application settings. The Run keys are specific keys within the Registry that contain a path that runs every time a user logs on, and they are listed below:

• HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run - Run path when the current user logs in
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run - Run path when any user logs in
• HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce - Run path when the current user logs in, then delete
  
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce - Run path when any user logs in, then delete

To view these keys, open the Registry Editor by searching for "Regedit" on Windows Search or double-clicking on the Regedit icon pinned on the Windows taskbar.

This is what the Registry Editor window looks like:

If you want to view the value for one of the Run keys, expand the folders and their subfolders until you reach the key you are looking for. For example:

• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE > Software > Microsoft > Windows > CurrentVersion > Run

AutoRuns PowerShell has a function called Get-PSAutorun that will list all possible auto-start mechanisms available on the machine. It makes this list by looking at categories like the Registry, Windows services, WMI entries, DLL hijacking, and more. Because of this, the output of the command will return many results that might be challenging if not adequately filtered.

           PS C:\> Get-PSAutorun

Path          : HKLM:\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager
Item          : BootExecute
Category      : Boot Execute
Value         : autocheck autochk *
ImagePath     : C:\Windows\system32\autochk.exe
Size          : 956416
LastWriteTime : 11/6/2022 4:24:46 AM
Version       : 10.0.17763.1697

Path          : HKLM:\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ShellServiceObjects
Item          : {003e0278-eca8-4bb8-a256-3689ca1c2600}
Category      : Explorer
Value         : C:\Windows\system32\shell32.dll
ImagePath     : C:\Windows\system32\shell32.dll
Size          : 22153696
LastWriteTime : 11/6/2022 4:25:16 AM
Version       : 10.0.17763.1911

Path          : HKLM:\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ShellServiceObjects
Item          : {3BF043EF-A974-49B3-8322-B853CF1E5EC5}
Category      : Explorer
Value         : C:\Windows\System32\SndVolSSO.dll
ImagePath     : C:\Windows\System32\SndVolSSO.dll
Size          : 823808
LastWriteTime : 11/6/2022 4:25:22 AM
Version       : 10.0.17763.652

...
        

Piping the result of the command above to the Out-GridView cmdlet can make the output more readable.

           PS C:\> Get-PSAutorun | Out-GridView
        

The above command will open a new window showing the following output:

Note: Wait for a couple of minutes for the tool to finish populating the results

The results above list all possible places a program can run on start-up. You can filter the results by specifying keywords in the "Filter" bar at the top of the window. You can also sort the results by clicking on the column headers.

We can specify parameter switches when calling the function to filter the result according to the previously mentioned categories. Open a new PowerShell window, and use the Get-Help

           PS C:\> Get-Help Get-PSAutorun -detailed
        

While filtering via parameter switches helps reduce the output, there is still a lot to go through. This is where the baseline creation and comparison feature of the AutoRuns PowerShell module is helpful, as only the entries that differ from the baseline are shown in the results.

After creating this room's machine, a baseline file was generated and saved in the ~/Documents folder. This file serves as a snapshot of the Registry before the malware ran.

To check what Registry keys were changed, a new baseline file needs to be created using the New-AutoRunsBaseLine

           PS C:\> Get-PSAutorun -VerifyDigitalSignature |
>> Where { -not($_.isOSbinary)} |
>> New-AutoRunsBaseLine -Verbose
        

When done, the new baseline file is added to the ~/Documents folder.

The two baseline files can now be compared using the following command:

           PS C:\> Compare-AutoRunsBaseLine -Verbose | Out-GridView
        

Note:  Make sure there are always two baseline files in the ~/Documents folder when comparing. Delete the other files you do not need to avoid confusion.

We can now take the necessary steps to remove the malicious registry keys and files we found. In this case, it is as easy as deleting or modifying the entries via "RegEdit" and ensuring they are gone after a reboot.

Hopefully, this room has given you an idea of how malware uses the Windows Registry to maintain persistence on a lab machine. While there are other techniques that malware uses, the same tool can be used in detecting most of them.